In football, are there any post-match repercussions for not upholding the spirit of the game?

Question

These include offenses that are committed during the game, but not penalized by the referee.

• Feigning an injury
• Obstructing the vision of the referee during a key moment
• Damaging the ball
• Fighting with teammates
• A constant cycle of having the keeper throw the ball to a teammate and having a teammate head it back to the keeper's hands

By post match repercussions I imply disciplinary actions taken by the football association against the player(s).

Answer 1

The crucial question here is "did the referee see the incident?"; if the referee saw the incident, then there is nothing that can be done; this falls under the principle of the "the referee's decision is final". If the referee did not see the incident, then governing bodies will take action as they see fit under their "bringing the game into disrepute" regulations.

Note that everything in your list should be penalised by the referee if they see it; the fourth is a sending off for violent conduct (perhaps most famously, Lee Bowyer), and all the rest would be at least a caution for unsporting conduct.