It will entirely depend on each individual player's contract, but it is generally no.
Sportswear giants like Adidas, Nike, Puma make a deal with each club. The contracts have or don't have profit-share agreement. The contract amount with profit-share agreement will, of course, be smaller than the other contract.
Manchester United made a £750m million deal over 10 years with Adidas in 2014, but the linked report says that there is no profit-share arrangement in the contract. What it means is ManU will get nothing form the jersey sales and will receive a fixed amount of £75 million every year for 10 years from Adidas regardless of how much is made from jersey sales. Would ManU feel sorry for the contract after signing with Ibrahimovich and Pogba? Probably yes, probably no. It was the biggest deal in the history and the deal is the deal anyway.
All professional players are commercially owned by each club. In return for their service, they get a salary based on their contracts. But the details of their contracts are confidential and we can never know for sure how they are structured. But we can safely assume that they will not earn anything from jersey sales by looking at how the system works between sportswear companies and a professional team.
If you are as prominent as Michael Jordan or Lebron James, you might get a lucrative endorsement outside your contract wit the team. But that's a completely different story from sales of each team's jerseys.