I'm not aware of an official terminology, but watching games or reading sports blog you often hear/read "at home" or "away" trends, performance, or records. So that's certainly a thing being tracked.
Similar to BowlOfRed's answer, as a programmer, I'd use columns in the DB to figure this out, but I'd set it up differently. I'd create a Matches table to keep track of match results, and there have a venue_id pointing to an id of entries in the Venues table which contains all the venues. To figure out the home/away stats you can just join necessary tables with the venues table to figure out the data for a team's assigned home venue or not.
Also keep in mind matches can be played at neutral sites, so you might want to figure that out too when writing queries using the venue ids of the teams. Also a team might have multiple home fields over time and also at any time (ex national teams can play in any city within the country).